Java Fern 101 – Planting, Propagation and Care Guide

Smartplantedaquarium.com participates in affiliate marketing programs. We may earn commissions on purchases made through our affiliate links. This doesn't affect our content or recommendations and we only recommend products we would put in our own tanks.

The Java Fern (Microsorum pteropus), a popular aquatic plant among freshwater aquarium enthusiasts, hails from Southeast Asia. Belonging to the Polypodiaceae family, this attractive plant is known for its hardiness and ease of care, making it an excellent choice for both beginners and experienced aquarists.

In this article, we will delve into the art of planting Java Fern, providing you with comprehensive insights on how to plant java fern and nurture this fascinating aquatic gem. We will explore its origin, highlight its unique features, and explain why it is a fantastic addition to any aquarium setup.

If you are a fan of aquatic plants and looking to enhance the beauty and health of your aquarium, read on to discover the wonders of Java Fern and how you can make it flourish in your underwater sanctuary.

Overview of Java Fern

Known for its adaptability and low-maintenance nature, Java Fern thrives in a wide range of aquarium setups, making it an ideal choice for both novice and seasoned aquarists. In this overview, we’ll explore the key attributes and care requirements of the plant, shedding light on why it is a cherished addition to any aquarium.

Attribute	Description
Scientific Name	Microsorum pteropus
Common Name	Java Fern
Origin	Southeast Asia
Difficulty Level	Easy
Light Requirement	Low to medium
Water Conditions	pH 6.0 – 7.5, Soft to moderately hard water
Best Temperature	68°F – 82°F (20°C – 28°C)
Substrate	Does not require planting, can be attached to rocks or driftwood
Position in Tank	Background, Midground, or attached to hardscape
Growth Rate	Slow
Maximum Size	Up to 13 inches (33 cm) in height and 6 inches (15 cm) in width
Compatible Plants	Anubias, Java Moss, Cryptocoryne, Amazon Sword
Ideal Tank Mates	Tetras, Rasboras, Gouramis, Shrimp, Snails
Feeding and Nutrients	Primarily relies on nutrients from the water column
Maintenance and Care	Low maintenance; remove dead or decaying leaves
Propagation	Rhizome division or through the growth of baby plantlets

Appearance

Java Fern is valued by many aquarists because it is tolerant of a wide range of water conditions and does not require high light levels or CO2 supplementation.

• Leaves: Java Fern has long, narrow leaves that can range in size from 3 to 8 inches or more. These leaves are usually a deep green color. The leaves emerge from a central rhizome.
• Rhizome: This is the horizontal stem from which the leaves and roots emerge. The rhizome should not be buried in the substrate; instead, it’s often attached to driftwood, rocks, or other decorations.
• Roots: The roots of the Java Fern are thin and wiry. They are primarily used for anchoring the plant to surfaces and not necessarily for nutrient absorption.
• Overall Look: The plant has a slow-growing, bushy appearance and can serve as a beautiful background or mid-ground plant in many aquarium setups. Its long, flowing leaves can create a sense of depth and provide shelter for small aquatic creatures.

Types of Java fern

There are several types or varieties of Java Fern, each with its unique appearance. Here are some of the most well-known types:

Microsorum pteropus ‘Narrow Leaf’: This variety has especially narrow leaves, which are straighter and more upright than the standard Java Fern. It’s ideal for creating a dense, forest-like appearance in the aquarium.

Microsorum pteropus ‘Windelov’ (Lace Java Fern): Recognizable by the finely branched leaf tips, giving it a lacy appearance. Named after Holger Windeløv, who discovered this variant. Adds a delicate and intricate texture to aquariums.

Microsorum pteropus ‘Trident’: This variety has leaves that split into multiple thin lobes or segments, resembling a trident. It offers a unique texture and is highly decorative.

Microsorum pteropus ‘Phillipine’: It is characterized by its narrower and longer leaves compared to the standard Java Fern. It can add vertical accent to the aquascape.

Microsorum pteropus ‘Needle Leaf’: This variant has even narrower leaves than the ‘Narrow Leaf’ variant. The thin leaves sway beautifully in the water current.

Microsorum pteropus ‘Tropica’: This is a compact variant, with shorter and narrower leaves. It is suitable for smaller aquariums or for foreground placement in larger tanks.

Microsorum pteropus ‘Red’: This rare variant has a reddish-brown hue to its leaves. It can add a splash of color to the predominantly green planted aquarium.

Size & Growth Rate

The size and growth rate of Java Fern (Microsorum pteropus) can vary depending on the specific variety, water conditions, and availability of nutrients. Below is a general outline of the size and growth rate of Java Fern:

Size:

• Leaves Length: Java Fern’s leaves can grow to be between 3 to 13.5 inches long, depending on the variety and environmental conditions.
• Height: The plant can reach a height of around 13.5 inches or more, particularly in well-maintained aquariums.

Growth Rate:

• Java Fern is known for its slow to moderate growth rate. The growth rate can be influenced by various factors including light, nutrients, and water conditions.
• Under optimal conditions, it might exhibit a more robust growth, but it is generally not a fast-growing plant.
• Given its slow growth rate, it doesn’t require frequent trimming or maintenance, making it suitable for low-maintenance aquarium setups.

Influencing Factors:

• Light: While Java Fern can tolerate low light conditions, providing moderate lighting can encourage healthier growth.
• Nutrients: Adequate nutrients, especially iron, can promote the growth and overall health of the plant.
• Water Conditions: Java Fern is adaptable to a wide range of water conditions, but stable water parameters and cleanliness can help in maintaining its health and promoting growth.
• CO2 Supplementation: While not necessary, CO2 supplementation can enhance the growth rate of Java Fern.

Benefits of Java Fern in Aquariums

One of the primary benefits is its ability to thrive in various water conditions, allowing it to adapt to different aquarium environments with ease. It doesn’t necessitate high light levels or CO2 supplementation, making it a low-maintenance option for those seeking to avoid intricate plant care routines.

The dense foliage of Java Fern provides shelter and security for aquatic life, especially for shy or breeding fish and invertebrates, creating a more hospitable and enriched environment for them. It serves as a natural spawning surface for some fish species, facilitating breeding efforts in a community tank.

Moreover, its roots help in stabilizing the substrate, reducing erosion and maintaining the overall structural integrity of the aquascape.

Java Fern also plays a crucial role in improving water quality by absorbing excess nutrients, such as nitrates, thereby mitigating the risk of algal blooms. This feature is particularly valuable in reducing the maintenance burden associated with frequent water changes and algae removal.

The plant’s ability to tolerate a wide pH range and lower light conditions renders it versatile and suitable for various aquarium setups, including those with subdued lighting or those housing species that prefer dimmer environments.

Compatible Tank Mates

Java Fern is a non-invasive and peaceful plant that generally gets along well with a wide variety of tank mates. It is compatible with most fish, invertebrates, and other aquatic plants. Below are some compatible tank mates for Java Fern:

Fish:

• Small Community Fish: Java Fern is an excellent choice for tanks housing small, peaceful community fish such as Tetras, Guppies, Mollies, and Platies.
• Betta Fish: The plant provides ample cover and resting places for Betta fish.
• Shrimp: Dwarf shrimp like Cherry Shrimp and Amano Shrimp can thrive with Java Fern, as it offers hiding places and surfaces to graze on.
• Snails: Various snail species, including Nerite Snails and Mystery Snails, are compatible with Java Fern.
• Cichlids: While some cichlids are known to be plant destroyers, many aquarists have successfully kept Java Fern with less aggressive cichlids.
• Barbs: Species like Cherry Barbs and Tiger Barbs can also coexist well with Java Fern.

Invertebrates:

• Crabs: Aquatic crabs like Thai Micro Crabs can find refuge among the dense leaves of Java Fern.
• Clams: Freshwater clams can coexist peacefully with Java Fern and benefit from the cleaner water it helps maintain.

Other Plants:

Java Fern can be planted alongside a variety of other aquatic plants without competing aggressively for resources. Some compatible plants include:

• Anubias: Like Java Fern, Anubias is a hardy plant that can thrive in similar conditions.
• Cryptocoryne: These plants can add variety to the aquarium’s lower levels while Java Fern fills in the mid to background.
• Mosses: Different species of moss, like Java Moss and Christmas Moss, can complement the appearance and texture of Java Fern.

Considerations:

• Aggressive Fish: While Java Fern is hardy, it might get damaged by highly aggressive or herbivorous fish that have a tendency to dig or nibble on plants.
• Herbivorous Fish: Fish species that primarily feed on plants, like some species of Plecos and Goldfish, may damage Java Fern.

Java Fern Tank Conditions & Requirements

Java Fern is a versatile and hardy aquarium plant, which means it can thrive in a variety of tank conditions. However, to ensure optimal health and growth, the following conditions and requirements should be considered:

Water Parameters

• Temperature: Java Fern can adapt to a wide range of temperatures, typically between 68°F and 82°F (20°C – 28°C).
• pH Level: It prefers slightly acidic to neutral water, with a pH range of 6.0 to 7.5.
• Hardness: Java Fern is tolerant of a wide range of water hardness levels, but a range of 3 to 12 dGH is considered ideal.

Lighting

Java Fern is not demanding when it comes to light. It can do well in low to medium light conditions. Too much light can lead to algae growth on the leaves, so it’s essential to balance light exposure.

Substrate

Java Fern does not root in the substrate like many other aquarium plants. Instead, it should be attached to rocks, driftwood, or decorations using thread or glue. Its rhizome should not be buried in the substrate, as this can cause it to rot.

Nutrients

While Java Fern is not particularly demanding in terms of nutrients, it can benefit from the addition of a high-quality aquarium fertilizer, particularly those containing iron. Nutrient-rich water can help in maintaining the vibrant green color of the leaves and promote healthier growth.

Placement

Given its size and growth habit, Java Fern is suitable for midground to background placement in the aquarium. It is also versatile in terms of aquascaping and can be used to create a lush, natural-looking environment.

CO2 Supplementation

Java Fern does not require CO2 supplementation. However, providing CO2 can enhance its growth and overall health. If CO2 is not supplemented, it’s usually sufficient to maintain adequate water circulation to ensure that the plant receives enough carbon dioxide from the water.

How to Plant Java Fern in the Aquarium

Planting Java Fern is somewhat different from planting other aquarium plants due to its unique root structure. Here’s a step-by-step guide on how to plant Java Fern in the aquarium:

Step 1: Preparation

Clean the Java Fern: Rinse the Java Fern gently under running water to remove any debris or contaminants.

Prepare the Attachment Surface: If attaching the Java Fern to a decoration, rock, or driftwood, ensure the surface is clean and algae-free.

Step 2: Attachment

Position the Java Fern: Place the Java Fern on the rock, driftwood, or decoration where you want it to grow.

Use Thread or Fishing Line: Secure the Java Fern’s rhizome to the attachment surface using cotton thread, fishing line, or thin wire. Avoid burying the rhizome in the substrate, as this can cause it to rot.

Use Aquarium Glue (Optional): Alternatively, you can use aquarium-safe glue to attach the Java Fern to the desired surface. Apply a small amount of glue to the rhizome and press it against the surface until it adheres.

Step 3: Placement

Position in the Aquarium: Once attached, place the decoration, rock, or driftwood with the attached Java Fern in the desired location in the aquarium.

Consider Light and Flow: Place the Java Fern in an area with appropriate lighting (low to medium) and water flow. Avoid areas with strong, direct light or excessive water flow that may damage the leaves.

Step 4: Maintenance

Observe Growth: Monitor the Java Fern’s growth and remove any yellow or damaged leaves regularly.

Adjust Placement if Needed: If the Java Fern shows signs of stress, such as yellowing or transparent leaves, consider adjusting its location, light, or nutrient levels.

Trimming: Trim the plant as needed to maintain the desired shape and size, and remove any plantlets if you do not want them to grow.

Java Fern Care Guide

When it comes to caring for Java Fern, the plant is relatively low-maintenance and hardy, making it suitable for aquarists of all experience levels. Here is a succinct care guide focusing on aspects not previously detailed:

Avoid Complete Submersion Initially: If possible, try to acclimate the Java Fern to your aquarium by allowing it to grow emersed (with leaves in the air) initially. This can help in developing a stronger root system before being fully submerged.

Algae Control: Since Java Fern grows slowly, algae can sometimes establish on the leaves. Regularly check the leaves and gently remove any visible algae. Adjusting the light duration and intensity can help in controlling algae growth. Introducing algae eaters like snails and shrimp can also help in maintaining an algae-free plant.

Balanced Fertilization: While Java Fern is not demanding in terms of nutrients, monitoring nutrient levels in the aquarium can help in identifying any deficiencies that might affect the plant’s health. Supplementing with a balanced, high-quality aquarium fertilizer can address nutrient deficiencies and promote healthier growth.

Aquascaping: Regularly assess the overall layout of your aquarium, ensuring that the Java Fern complements other plants and decorations. Adjust the placement of Java Fern as needed, considering the growth patterns of surrounding plants and the overall aesthetics of the aquarium.

Periodic Inspection: Regularly inspect the plant for signs of pests, diseases, or deficiencies and address any issues promptly to maintain the health of the plant.

Allow for Adequate Circulation: Ensure that there is adequate water circulation around the Java Fern to deliver nutrients effectively to all parts of the plant, but avoid very strong flows that can damage the leaves.

Water Changes: Regular water changes are essential to maintain water quality. Freshwater helps in replenishing essential minerals and removing potential toxins. Avoid drastic changes in water parameters during water changes, as it might stress the plant.

Quarantine New Plants: When introducing new Java Ferns or other plants to your aquarium, quarantine them initially to avoid introducing pests or diseases to the established environment.

Provide Stable Environment: While Java Fern is adaptable, it thrives best in a stable environment. Avoid frequent changes in water parameters, temperature, and light conditions.

Java Fern Propagation

Java Fern propagation is a fairly straightforward process, and here’s a detailed guide focusing on aspects not previously mentioned:

Step 1: Identifying Plantlets

Observe the mature leaves of the Java Fern regularly. Plantlets are usually formed on the tips or edges of older leaves. Look for small green growths with tiny roots hanging down; these are the young plantlets.

Step 2: Allowing Development

Let the plantlets develop on the parent leaf until they have a few small leaves and a decent root system. Waiting until the plantlets are sufficiently mature will give them a better chance of thriving when separated.

Step 3: Separation

Once the plantlets are mature enough, gently pluck or cut them off from the parent leaf. Use sharp scissors to minimize damage to both the parent leaf and the plantlet. If the plantlet is firmly attached to the parent leaf, gently twist or wiggle it to detach.

Step 4: Attachment

Once separated, decide where you want to place the new plantlet in the aquarium. Like the mature Java Fern, attach the plantlet’s rhizome to a piece of driftwood, rock, or decoration using thread, fishing line, or aquarium-safe glue.

Step 5: Monitoring Growth

After attaching the plantlet, monitor its growth regularly. Ensure that it is receiving adequate light and nutrients and is not overshadowed by other plants or decorations. Observe the development of new leaves and roots as signs of successful propagation.

Step 6: Adjusting Conditions

If the new plantlet shows signs of stress or poor growth, consider adjusting its placement, light levels, or nutrient availability. Maintaining stable water conditions and addressing any deficiencies or stressors promptly will help the young Java Fern to establish and grow well.

Step 7: Repeating the Process

As the new Java Fern matures, it will eventually produce its plantlets, allowing you to repeat the propagation process. Regular propagation can help in maintaining a lush and vibrant aquarium or in sharing Java Fern with fellow aquarists.

Conclusion

Java Fern stands as a testament to nature’s beauty and adaptability within the confines of your aquarium. With its origin in Southeast Asia, this hardy and versatile aquatic plant has captured the hearts of aquarists worldwide.

Whether you’re a seasoned enthusiast or a beginner, planting and caring for this aquatic plant is a rewarding experience. Its unique growth pattern, slow growth rate, and ability to thrive in low-tech aquariums make it a captivating addition to any aquatic landscape.

With minimal care and attention, Microsorum pteropus can flourish, adding a touch of green elegance to your underwater sanctuary. Its ability to coexist harmoniously with a diverse range of fish and invertebrates opens the door to various aquascaping possibilities. Whether placed in the foreground, midground, or background, this plant contributes to the allure and balance of your aquarium.

Frequently Asked Questions